B.S. in humanities, U.S. Air Force Academy (1978)
M.A. in communication, University of Oklahoma (1984)
M.A. in English literature, Cornell University (1987)
M.A. in national security and strategic studies, Naval War College (1997)
M.F.A. in writing, Cornell University (1987)
Ph.D. in humanities, Salve Regina University (1999)